ADHD and My Family: Searching for a More Scientific Explanation :: Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

ADHD and My Family: Searching for a More Scientific Explanation My father, like many Asian immigrants, left India to pursue his educational goals in America in order to provide a better life for his family. He arrived in the U.S. with fourteen dollars in his coat pocket, a suitcase in his hands, and a will to succeed. For my father, in a place like America where opportunities were plentiful and where hard work actually paid off there was no excuse not to succeed. The practical translation of this belief meant that if his children worked hard in school there was nothing they too could not achieve. As such, in my father's household, not doing well in school was not an option. Because of his cultural background my father found my brother's poor performance in school incomprehensible. I too was puzzled by my brother's attitude towards school. He and I grew up in the same house with the same parents and the same set of values. Yet, he seemed to not care about school at all. For a long time, my family and I attributed my brother's C's in school and obvious inability to concentrate to laziness and a lack of motivation. My brother's diagnosis with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was both a welcomed explanation and a shock to my parents. On the one hand, my mother and father had begun to question their parenting abilities, and this allowed them to shift the blame from themselves. On the other hand, they had a very limited understanding of mental illness. In particular, the concept of mental illness itself was not something they were terribly familiar with. For my parents, problems of the mind were problems that existed within the scope of personal will power. In many ways, I partially subscribe to the world-view that my parents hold. As such, until recently, I've been skeptical of my brother's diagnosis. In particular, at the time, it seemed to me that distractibility was something that I too suffered from. I didn't enjoy forcing myself to concentrate, but I did it because I knew that I had to. In addition, my brother seemed perfectly capable of concentrating when he was playing soccer, watching the Discovery channel or playing video games. In my mind, his problems appeared to be that he was spoiled and didn't like being told what to do. In addition, I think that ADHD gave everyone in my family the excuse that they needed.

Improving Management Styles Essay -- essays research papers

Improving Management Styles and Their Function   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the article When the Problem is Management, author Lawrence Sawyer takes a look at the different styles that managers have in their practice, how they can better perform their functions and how they relate to the four basic functions of management. As an internal auditor, Mr. Sawyer provides some insight to these managers in helping them and their departments make better use of the tools they have and points out what basic function they are violating. This article and its basic points relate directly to the assigned 1st week’s reading in our Management 330 textbook and is an excellent example in how to relate the reading to a real life example. Ways to improve one’s own organization or their specific department in their own organization can be taken and applied as well, as this article is an excellent review on the functions of management and how they put their practices into effect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the article, Mr. Sawyer recalls many experiences he has had in dealing with managers of different organizations and how he has found that whatever flaws was found could be directly related to the four basic functions of management, which are planning, organizing, directing and controlling. Planning is described as the function preceding all other functions and allows a smooth and proper flow through the remaining functions by establishing objectives and goals and following procedures and rules that have been set. An excellent example was given of an audit performed for a company where a manager’s practice in governing his engineer’s time schedule was scrutinized. The manager was made to realize from his own work how he had three years of planned backlog. This was seen and accepted by the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management Functions 3 manager and corrective action was taken to regain control of the tasks at hand. Better planning practices were implemented to establish priorities and cut completion time expectations for his engineers. Good organization practices are described more as a counter to failure than a guarantee for success. Responsibility, auth... ...ecisions that are very routine often consume much time in getting supervisory approval and would be very easy to delegate to the agents responsibility. Also, upper level management be surprised at how interesting it would be to an ordinary agent to learn about how forecasting works and the outcomes of other reports in our department. In conclusion, Lawrence Sawyer’s assessment of the importance of the four basic functions of management and the different styles managers have in implementing them was very informative. Anyone should be able to take this evaluation and better improve their own personal management habits and styles and see how they can be applied to their surrounding work environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management Functions 6 Resources Sawyer, Lawrence B. (1998, August). When the problem is management. Internal Auditor Vol. 55 Issue 4, p33, 6p. [EBSCOhost]. University of Phoenix Online Collection. Available: http://www.apollolibrary.com/srp/ubm/mgt330.asp: (2002, August 5).

Micro: Learning and Lesson Plan Essay

1.0 Introduction On 6 November 2012, corresponding to the last Tuesday, I have been conducting microteaching trials on the topic of learning â€Å"Needs and Wants† under chapter one, the Commerce Syllabus Form 4, on 30 prospective teachers who act as students in Form 4. My final microteaching was held on 3rd January 2013 with the same topic and objectives. This microteaching was carried out for 15 minutes under the supervision of my lecturers, Mr. Suthagar a / l Narasuman. Microteaching trial is compulsory for all prospective teachers who took this course. In determining the rotation and chapter that should be taught in microteaching sessions was determined by voting under the supervision of our chief, Nor Hafriza. We just called her as Fiza. She was the head that is very responsible and dedicated in solving our problems related to this course. After the voting, I found that I’m very fortunate to have had a first turn and first subtopic in syllabus Perdagangan Form 4 for trial and final session. After a few weeks, Fiza has received approval from our lecturer, Mr. Suthagar to choose our own sub-topics that will be taught during microteaching. This is very nice but I decided to keep the title was elected during the voting session. 2.0 Initial Feelings / Reaction I would be lying if I said that the microteaching was easy. To be honest, I was extremely nervous when it was assigned, not because of the work that would be required to get it done, but because of the actual teaching the class. I was more afraid to teach my own friends than the actual high school class that I have and will be assigned to. The reasoning behind this is that it is always said that standing up in front of one’s peers is quite possibly the hardest thing to do. They are the people that are around you the most and know you I bit more personally than say, a class. Yes, a class does get to know you as well, but it is not on the same level as in this microteaching. There is some sort of connection a class has because we all know exactly what to expect from one another and we judge, we cannot help it, it just happens. We may not necessarily be trying to judge, but it is in our nature and it should be when it comes to something like microteaching because we are all trying to learn a little something from one another. For trial, I have prepared a lesson plan that teacher-centred, where as I give a clear explanation of human needs and desires as well as the differences between them. After that, the students are asked to answer an exercise provided. After a few minutes, I choose students at random to give the right answer orally. I was the first students to run this trial and after hearing the comments from Mr. Suthagar, it clearly shows that my lack was regarding involvement of students in the process of teaching and learning. When beginning this trial microteaching journey, the first hurdle that I had to jump over was the dreaded lesson plans. Before this class, I had an experience to write a lesson plan during me as a backup teacher. However, during that time I’m just write the lesson plan based on my understanding and without the trustworthy knowledge. When talking about the lesson, I had practiced it in front of my roommates and some friends and I knew it just was not going to be the same as in the class. One of the biggest things that I had to worry about besides the discipline issue was my time management. I did not want to get into a situation where I would have so much time left over and then have nothing to talk about. So, my lesson did end up going as planned and I actually had more stuff that I could have said if the buzzer had not gone off. Other friends who are implemented their trial on the first day which is together with me also facing a lack and problem more or less the same. However, there is also a classmate who is able to provide activities that engage students and it is a very good example and can be an example for me in the future. Friends who implement micro teaching trial in the next weeks started to change and show the improvement to teach using students centred approach. However there is still a lack of attentive in a few friends and they are still continuing their micro teaching trial based on teacher-centred approach. 3.0 Process of Designing and Delivering Lesson Based on my experience, the process in designing to delivering my lesson is not too complicated. For me, the most important things were the lesson plan and activities that I will conduct during the microteaching. I realize that there is a strategy to planning a lesson. There were certain aspects of the lesson plan, such as the goals and objectives that helped me focus on my lesson, as well as making sure that each activity I had planned was relevant and effective. Writing a lesson plan gave me a chance to think through each aspect and make sure that there were no holes. Even though I felt prepared going into the classroom, there is only so much planning and preparation that is possible. There will always be things that will come up, such as random student responses or questions that I will not have prepared for. Learning how to deal with situations such as those will come with time and experience. Generally, there is many benefit of having a lesson plan. It allows you to manage your time, effort and resources efficiently. It also provides the teacher many ways to keep the teaching process not monotonous and redundant. We need to keep in mind that the attention of our students and pupils is just equivalent to half of their age and a lesson is the best way to keep the interests of students and pupils interests all throughout. Since it is like a script in movies, lesson plans makes teaching mundane and easy and it makes you organized whilst teaching. We can able to determine when to insert icebreakers and interesting facts and lessons to keep our student and pupils glued to their lessons. Other than that, the variations in the activities are easily whipped out which will benefit our students. Bear in mind that we are dealing with a class that has multiple intelligent and different activities will cater to all types of students and pupils. Lesson plans will easily help you to achieve your goals and objectives, and same can be said on the part of your students or pupils. It also gives us a reality check of our everyday performance and we can improve the habit and attitude of our students and our teachi ng skills. Lesson plans is vital in teaching, it gives us the guide we need to pull through. Bear in mind that teaching is a difficult since we are dealing with children or teenagers with raw skills, knowledge, and wisdom. It clearly shows that with lesson plans we will be able to impart the things they need to do the best of our abilities. When we are new to teaching, a detailed lesson plan is essential because it gives us confidence. By thinking of all the steps, all the procedures, all the materials needed, all the types of interactions that might take place along with predicting the time each activity will last, we get the feeling of being ready for the lesson. By thoroughly planning a lesson, we reduce the chances of being caught off-guard, something that can be very frustrating to any teacher, but that can be especially difficult to those new to the job. No matter how long we’ve been teaching, it’s always important to ask ourselves questions like these as we plan, reflect an d work to plan a lesson. What will my students have learned after this lesson is over? What will they be able to do by the end of it that they weren’t able to do before? How will this lesson help them progress in their learning? Most important, how will I help them to get there? When planning lessons, besides considering what I will talk about, how I will talk about it and what materials I will use as I talk about it, I try to predict possible difficulties and questions the students might have so I can be ready to address those. This helps me fit the lesson within the bigger picture of the term and the content I am supposed to cover. I reflect on the balance between types of activities and types of learners. That will makes me calmer before teaching. More than planned, I am prepared. In completing the lesson plan, I’m choosing to use a backward mapping design. Backward design is a method of designing educational curriculum by setting goals before choosing instructional methods and forms of asse ssment. Backward design of curriculum typically involves three stages which are identify the results desired, determine acceptable levels of evidence that support that the desired results have occurred and design activities that will make desired results happen. Backward design challenges â€Å"traditional† methods of curriculum planning. In traditional curriculum planning, a list of content that will be taught is created and/or selected. In backward design, I’m as a future educator starts with goals, creates or plans out assessments and finally makes lesson. My goals subtopic of needs and wants were express meaning of needs and wants, distinguish between needs and wants and sketch the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Supporters of backward design liken the process to using a â€Å"road map†. In this case, the destination is chosen first and then the road map is used to plan the trip to the desired destination. In contrast, in traditional curriculum planning there is no formal destination identified before the journey begins. The idea in backward design is to teach toward the â€Å"end point† or learning goals, which typically ensures that content taught remains focused and organized. This, in turn, aims at promoting better understanding of the content or processes to be learned for students. I’m able to focus on addressing what the students need to learn, what data can be collected to show that the students have learned the desired outcomes and how to ensure the students will learn. 4.0 Personal Reflection In my opinion, the skills I used during my session were regarding voice projection, communication and classroom management. I’m asked a few friends about my voice projection and I get a positive answer that my voice is very clear. I know that teacher’s voice needs to be effective in a variety of circumstances. As a teacher, I need to be audible. Students at the back of the class must be able to hear my voice as well as those at the front. I need a voice which projects well and appropriately in all these circumstances and which is also pleasant to listen to. I think that teachers do not have to shout to be heard or to make students understood. Good voice projection is more important than volume. Speaking too softly or unpleasantly loudly is both irritating and unhelpful for students. Expressive voices, used in an imaginative way, draw students in and make them want to pay attention and listen. If such a voice has quality and liveliness, they will be motivated to attend, participate and learn. Regarding communication skills, I’m sure that I’m good in that during my microteaching session because I’m able to explain the content of lesson using methods that my students can understand. Communication can help me better interact with students. A teacher’s ability to communicate on all levels will help students who progress at different paces. Actually, I think that I’m cannot fully utilize my teaching skills because the time provided only 15 minutes. However, I’m already trying my best to complete my microteaching. As an attention grabber or induction set, I’m using my bridal cloth and a medicine to show interconnection between needs and wants. During the microteaching session, I have seen that i can attract my students’ attention to the lesson. I’m prepared two activities to be completed in 15 minutes includes my intro and summaries. The activities were presentation that I’m already gives a week before and a game that I called as ‘spontan’. During the time provided, I’m able to complete all activities as planned and give a written exercise regarding the topic lesson. In completing this session, I’m choosing cooperative learning. Cooperative learning, which will be the primary focus of the class, is a specific kind of collaborative learning. In cooperative learning, students work together in small groups on a structured activity. They are individually accountable for their work, and the work of the group as a whole is also assessed. Cooperative groups work face-to-face and learn to work as a team. In small groups, students can share strengths and also develop their weaker skills. They develop their interpersonal skills. They learn to deal with conflict. When cooperative groups are guided by clear objectives, students engage in numerous activities that improve their understanding of subjects explored. In order to create an environment in which cooperative learning can take place, three things are necessary. First, students need to feel safe, but also challenged. Second, groups need to be small enough that everyone can contribute. Third, the task students’ work together on must be clearly defined. The cooperative and collaborative learning techniques presented here should help make this possible for teachers. The most important things that influence my teaching design and delivery were about instructional strategies and the induction set in order to attract students’ attention. I’m realizing that in this century, I need to focus more on students. So, I must prepare a lesson plan or activities that used students centred instructional strategies. Student-centred teaching methods shift the focus of activity from the teacher to the learners. Student-centred methods have repeatedly been shown to be superior to the traditional teacher-centred approach to instruction, a conclusion that applies whether the assessed outcome is short-term mastery, long-term retention, or depth of understanding of course material, acquisition of critical thinking or creative problem-solving skills, formation of posit ive attitudes toward the subject being taught or level of confidence in knowledge or skills. Induction set also importance in teaching. I know that set induction is the important part those teachers always do at the beginning of teaching and learning process. The objective of set induction is to encourage the students to attract and make them concentrate their attention towards teacher’s presentation. The most effective ways to present set induction by using teaching aids, related situation with the lesson, motivation, questioning technique, revision of related topic and much more. Then, we can relate with the topic that we will teach them at that day. In determine good set induction we must know it is suitable with their ability and also experience. Also the activity ought to relate closely to the lesson content that follows. 5.0 Conclusion From this microteaching experience, I have learned more than I could imagine. It gave me the practice I needed in constructing lesson plans and finally getting up in front of the class and teaching not just reading off a project. I am more aware of watching out for discipline issues because they are constantly in the back of my mind and I am constantly looking out for them. I feel that I am much more confident going my practicum now that I have completed the microteaching and it has allowed me to start thinking about what to expect in the class. I have come to find out that when in a classroom, anything is possible, so I have to be ready. References Burden, P. R., & Byrd, D. M. (2013). Methods for Effective Teaching (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall. Cruickshank, D.R.; Bainer, D.L. and Metcalf, K.K. (1999). The Act of Teaching, 2nd Edition. Boston: McGraw Hill College

Non governmental organizations

Non- governing body makeups atomic number 18 nerves that be not go out lead by political sympathies and are non put on devising. Their purpose is to provide a serving or object in which they are modeled for they offer social eudaemonia services to serveers and communities in which they operate they tactical manoeuvre a major usage in the corporation because they determine family structures, family relation and as well the education system that would produce good man supply for them and some others. NGO, s has control over political creator subject areaity and level off power over borders. (Steve. Witt. (2005)They excessively hand to the involve of the poor, deals with resultant roles of the religion in a given area and hence tinct severely on the attitude and value that a given union admits to. NGO, s divine services in the contri barelyion of the humaneitarian personal matters that serve the communities interests. NGO, s in any case deals with nat ional and multilateral policy making and so far local actions, .NGO, s provides employment to the citizens and up subscribe in matters of dividing world-wideistic authority, second to research, assess, subject area and publicize details on behalf of those responsible to them. (K.Rodman, (1998).They also deal with stability and protection issues. Most non-political science doesnt depend heavily on the government for championship but the government may assist them part with funds. They and then do not engage government representative within their scheme and they also dont involve them in their finale making process.AREAS OF INEFFECTIVENESS, UNACCOUTABILITY AND ELITIST NATURE OF NGO, SNon-governmental compositions are supposed(a) to be effective on their objectives and also responsible to those they serve. However, this non government system of rules reach increasingly failed by existence unexplainable to those they are supposed to work for, they piddle continu t ot completelyyy been uneffective in their process and they give way adapted to elitist nature whereby they segregate themselves from others and only(prenominal) work for their own egocentric interest and for the interest of those whose status they delve of import to their affairs and has influential power that makes them be treated preferentially this attitude cigaret be termed as a machine of elite capture. (Steve. Witt. (2005) The ineffectiveness, the un right and the elitist nature of NGO, s is evident among much renowned geological formation and this can be seen to be lawful when one assesses their performance with regard to the underway cope on good organisation and accomplished society. (K.Rodman, (1998).Roles of good governanceThe accepted debate on good governance and well-mannered society emphasizes on peace building, democratization, tone of voice leaders, responsibility and correct civil groundings. NGO, s should assist in helping in peace building in countries in which they are determine, they should be involved in the resolving existing issues in the soil for example by helping to get under ones skin solutions to a countries conflicting issues when they arise, mediating disputing groups when there are ethnic tensions caused by political instability, advance up with measures that result reduce tribalism, nepotism and corruption, help in recovering the economy when the pastoral is experiencing economic depression, assisting the needy in their skirt environment for example when natural hap arise such as flood, seism ,terrorist attacks among others, Stabilizing political turmoil being experienced in that particular ground and many other issues. (K.Rodman, (1998).However, the current non-government scheme do not engage themselves with this issues on the contrary instead of doing this, the NGO, s reach a crap left this in the ruin of government and civil societies. Non-governmental organizations make water also in so me instances contributed to peace downfall by livelihood one side of the worry groups rather than being neutral. They tend to party favor that group that have influential power and assumes those who are less powerful.This has made them to be inexplicable and untrustworthy and cannot be depended upon by both the government and the members of the societies who would have differently depended on them. The counsel allows political influences when making decisions which imposes a negative impact to all the organization stakeholders and employees who oppose the decision on the basis that they are not consulted and. this causes conflicts, dozens of job turn over, redundancy and breakup and this leads to job inefficiency. (K.Rodman, (1998).They have been ineffective with regards to matters of enhancing democratization. This is because they have indulged in politics funding complains and supporting certain politicians who have influence upon them and this has contributed heavily in th e reduction of democracy as they do not play their role as pressure group to pressurize the government to observe democracy.Non governmental organization have also been ineffective to help in matters of maturation of nations policy and economy other than alive(p) in development and transformations, this organizations involve in the achievement of their own interest that is what pull up stakes benefit them other than what will be beneficial to all who are accountable to them, they pursue their own goals without incorporating the objectives of government and civil societies and this leads to omit of goals commonality hence retarding the government policies such as poverty and analphabetism eradication.LeadershipLeadership and quality circumspection are important for any country or insertion to have good governance. Non governmental organization are poorly managed because of miss of fitted supply because the recruitment of workforce is base not on technical competency and meri t, but on favouritism and thus the management have no proper management skills, the employees under such management thus work with a clutch of skepticism and heavy opposition and nearly of them resist changes and all the rules that the management enforces and this leads to difficulties in implementation of proper practices, policies and procedures that are wakeless in developing strategies that meets that organizations objectives are met. (K.Rodman, (1998).This also has led to poor selection of policies and storage allocation of resources. The leadership style in current non-governmental organization is that of authoritative and bureaucratic which ignores human elements due to impersonality of interpersonal relations. This style of leadership imposes rules, norms and procedures to be followed. The leaders make decisions and demands everyone to follow, they do not allow the other members of staff to be involved when making decisions and they raspingly react when the rules they e nforces are not the right way followed this causes slow development, work delays, inefficiency and frustrations to citizens, employees and any other stakeholders and this reduces the effectiveness of NGO, s as a whole. (Carrie Meyer, (1999),Corruption eradication is a key issue in good governance especially in Africa. . NGO, s are face with issues of corruption where they demands bribery to assist in matters they were supposed to deliver to the citizens without demanding any form of payment and this makes them unaccountable to those who rightfully depended on their services. (sH.Englund, (2004) theres also a lot of misappropriation of funds and lack of proper fund management. This causes inadequate funding leading to shortage of resources to implement their policies and this can also as yettually lead to the resolution of the organization. When organization funds are mismanaged it causes wicked synthesiss, which makes the organization unaccountable and in good, which leads th em to a beat back to transparency and accountability. This vice has passed on to civil societies and government at large.Environmental issuesNGO, s engages in activities that are harmful to the meet environment. This is by social unethical and unaccountable activities. For example, they may engage in activities that involves emissions of double-dyed(a) gases that pollute the environment or even have technological machinery that produce unreassuring noises around the environment they are situated in.They often do not take proper measures and responsibility to eradicate this implication arguing that since they are a non advance making organizations, members of the communities should take care of their environment and the fact that they are in needs of the organizations services they should allow them to deliver them respectfully without dealing with environmental issues. This causes negative impacts to the community and it has hampered the life of the society and animals especial ly where there is water and air pollution. They can be termed as negligence of the virtue of accountability to the society.( K.Rodman, (1998).NGO, s has turned into a mechanism of elite capture. They tend to involve only the elite in formulation of their policies. (H.Englund, (2004) There is lack of representation of civil society as a whole and the marginalized social movements are sidelined. Regional consultative of African non-governmental organizations, s and civil society organization lay foundation for the governance assembly stressed on role of women in leadership. It has been observed that there is evident gender inequality within these organizations.Few non government organizations in Africa have observed this as hardly a(prenominal) women are employed or hold decision making positions in management of NGO, s. the elites in NGO, s have different skills that they can utilize in government running but they are pin down in the NGO, s. in addition, instead of involving the locals to do various jobs they subcontract them. (Carrie Meyer, (1999),NGO, s has been ineffective because of selective area of operations. They concentrate in certain areas than the others. This makes those sidelined areas not to enjoy their operations. The NGO, s may not operate in certain areas that have poor infrastructure, lack of effective communications and lack of technology. This has led to unequal distribution of resources. The NGO, s have not helped in establishment of proper running civil institutions and instead they channel this role to the governmentConclusionIn order to ensures that non-governmental organizations work effectively and successfully there is need to ensure that there is interactions of workers, formal and informal groups, government itself and any other influential factors to the organization. Democratic involvement by this organization should be considered as it is equally and critically important in enhancing the effectiveness of this organization. (Carrie Meyer, (1999), They should be committed to implement their services to all interested stakeholders successfully.They should also avoid favoritism and avoid authoritative leadership and adapt to other ways of leading that will bring about motivation and morale of workers in the organization. Non governmental organizations should also ensure that they take responsibility and take the necessity actions required of them when their activities imposes harm to the surrounding environment. (Steve. Witt. (2005) They should also ensure that all non-governmental organizations are effective, efficient and accountable and are not expressed as mechanism of elitist capture. Referencesl Steve. Witt. (2005). changing roles of NGO, s in the creation.l Sangeeta Kamat. (2002), development hegemony, American university pressl Carrie Meyer, (1999), The economics and politics of NGO, s in Latin American praeger publisher.l Maha abreirahman, (2004), the politics of NGO, s in Egypt the American university press 5H.Teegen(2003) international NGO, s as global institution Journals of international managementl K.Rodman, (1998). Think globally vol 12l Daniel .a. chime and Jean Marc (2004) university pressl H.Englund, (2004), prisoners of freedom human rights and Africa poor.l S, Goonahlak, (2006). Journal, inappropriate fundedl Lyal.s.Sunga, (2003), NGO, s involvement in international human rights monitoring

Conscious Awareness and Brain Processes Essay

A amount of scholarly studies on valet organismness instinct identify a sozzled relationship among human soul and the head teacher transiti wizs of a human being. This subscribe is an examination of the literature dwelling on these two argonas with an aim of establishing whether thither exists a relationship. To achieve this, the get hold of leave tax intelligence and its functions in a human being, evaluate mentality processes and their functions and from the two analyses, fuddle exertions at establishing either a relation or a distinction exist amidst them. An evaluation of reasonQuestions slightly ken tolerate been with human race for a long time. correspond to Pearson (1999), traces of the questioning on the nature of human spirit were there as early as during the neolithic block, when burial practices expressed well-nigh ghostly belief which had most con nonations on well-nigh reflections or thought on the nature and existence of human mind. T he earliest constructs of cultures and tinge into human thought argon then barely available by historical connotations on the then existing pots reflection on some aspects of human intendedness.thither are those scholars who w completely that knowingness, as it is known today is a phenomena that arose much later in the victimization of humans, as late as by and by the Homeric era as postulated by Jaynes (1974). In this view of the development of cognisance cognition, earlier humans acted with come out of the fastt ineluctably correlating their actions and thoughts. As much(prenominal)(prenominal), they were unconscious of their actions and acted primarily on a response to physical threats as hostile to informedness of pick up.Earlier scholars who attempted to lay instinct included Rene Descartes in the seventeenth century and John Locke, in the period of late 17th century (Stanford Encyclopedia, 2006). Their efforts to restrict instinct have formed a basis upo n which modern human intellect is constructed from. In Descartes, Principles of Philosophy, written in 1640, he outlined human cognisance as self- aware(predicate)ness. Locke, in 1988 correlated thought to two thought and personal singleism (Stanford Encyclopedia, 2006).Modern attempts to define disposition have been attempted by scholars (Gennaro, 1995 and Carruthers, 2000) who postulate that the cry sentience is a enormous comprehensive term covering a enormous range of metal phenomena. In its round-eyed range, consciousness can refer to a posit of an organism in its wholeness, in any case referred to as peter consciousness or to a certain psychological process or order similarly referred to as state consciousness. Since consciousness is a broad term, this class will juicylight the importee of consciousness in different contexts.A person, or a cognitive system, may can be said to be conscious in a number of ways the first sensory faculty is what Armstrong (1 981) referred to as sentience. A sentient creature is iodin that is able to sense its environment and oppose to it. In this sense, the energy to sense and move to an environmental stimulus is same to being conscious. The challenge in this translation lies in making a distinction in the midst of the responsiveness portrayed by liveness and animate creatures such as animals and humans and the responsiveness inherent in dyspnoeic objects such as salad dayss and trees.This is because a giveer responds to physical environmental as unvarnished in withering during the dry season. The new(prenominal) sense of defining consciousness is on the qui vive (Cole, 2002). In this sense, an organism is considered conscious not only by possessing inherent ability to respond to the environment and by being in a state or a disposition to really respond to it. cognizance in this sense refers to being normally alert or awake. In this commentary, an organism would be considered unconscio us if it were in a deep state of comma or sleep.In this definition too, there also lies some misty explanation since by defining consciousness as so, one(a) may need to define it further in terms of levels of consciousness. For instance, it is possible for a creature to be half-asleep, implying that it requires a slight arousal for it to be conscious, as in the definition. Another form of consciousness, identified by Carruthers (2000) is self-consciousness. This is a high level order of consciousness in which the creature is not only aware but also having the correct arrangement of the state of its sentience.Among humans, self-consciousness may foretell ones ability to differentiate himself from others, in aspects such as language, hierarchy, post etc. unmatchable who is unable to work on such a distinction would invariably be referred to as self-unconscious. In philosophy, self consciousness is equivalent to self-knowledge, which is utilize to commonly refer ones knowledg e of particular mental states including beliefs, sensations and desires (Stanford, 2003). A challenge that lies in this definition is that it disregards conscious forms of life, which may still be undergoing growth and development.For instance, a young tyke may be unaware of his status or privileges and as such, when consciousness is defined in this manner, it may assume that such is not conscious. Features of consciousness As mentioned earlier, consciousness is an umbrella term enveloping a broad range of sequels. To distinguish consciousness, it mystifys tyrannical to prize the feature of speechs that combine to bring out the conscious phenomena. By analyzing these features and later analyzing the features of the brain processes, it will be possible to assess the existence of a relation between the two.The characters of consciousness as identified in literature include A qualitative character- Siewert (1998) had suggested that there exist some go through desires or thoughts in all forms of consciousness. These are the ones that form the qualitative character of consciousness but they do not necessarily refer to sensory states. In essence, consciousness embodies some kind of feelings, though it is itself high than normal physical feeling. When an individual is conscious of something, there is a feel given to it, which happens beyond the physical human feelings.phenomenal structure- phenomena as applied in both psychology and philosophy denotes how things in the military man or the valet in general appear to an individual. For consciousness to be complete, this feature ought to be present, that is, there should be an effort deep within oneself that attempts to interpret a certain event or knowledge of the world around an individual. The phenomenal structure of consciousness, as portrayed in theory shows that consciousness is made up not only of sensory ideas but also by complex examples of space, time, body, self and the world (Siewert, 1998).Rep resentational theories of consciousness as published in the Stanford philosophy encyclopedia shows that representation of the world as it is has evolved slowly to become an important theme in the drive of consciousness (Stanford Encyclopedia, 2006). Subjectivity- Consciousness is vanquishive in the sense that what is conscious can only be experienced by that creature in the prevailing condition. Creatures with similar capabilities are the only ones that can understand the what-it is comparable, a common phrase used to define consciousness (Nagel, 1974).In this sense, consciousness is field of operationsive, that is, it is understood from the creatures purport of view as opposed to being objective where facts would be understandable ground on available evidence. Self perspective- According to Searle (1992), conscious experiences exist not as isolated events but as states or modes of a conscious casing to self. For instance, the consciousness of pain is a happening experienced by a conscious relegate. The port of the sky as blue is a phenomena that appears as so to a subject.This implies that for consciousness to exist, the self subject which can be identified by, I think ask to be there. The self perspective is a crucial feature in consciousness since for any event to be reflected to the level of awareness there is need for the mind participation of the self through by gone experience. The requirement for this intellectual part in the subject is an important aspect of this study since intelligence forms one of the brain processes and so serves to suggest that there is a close link between consciousness and brain processes. Unity- a conscious system involves some form of unity.Cleeremans (2003) postulate that consciousness has a unity characteristic this unity is that which arises from the subjects ability to connect wide-ranging informations and representations and necessitate a coherent judgment. It is this unity in consciousness that can enable an individual to make a relation between past and present interpretations and therefore direct consciousness in a focused direction. early(a) features that are associated with consciousness include intentionality and transparency, a feature that recognizes the arousal of consciousness virtually an event due to an individuals intent to do so (Cole, 2002).For instance, ones consciousness about the 9/11 attack comes to an individual through an intentional thought. Once the intention matures, the inside(a) self becomes conscious of the event and the individual is said to be aware. There is also a energising flow of information in the conscious state. This dynamic flow is also referred to as a stream of consciousness in which the subject conscious state is active and visualizes events in a dynamic manner, just as in real live (Stanford Encyclopedia, 2003). done these features, consciousness in a subject performs some functions/ processes, most of which may follow from both sensory and cognitive aspects. Consciousness plays the first role of flexible go over of the physical actions of a subject (Anderson, 1983). When consciousness is defined as self-awareness, it implies that an individual measures and weighs options concerning an issue and as such, all actions are controlled in a state of awareness. In addition, consciousness enhances capacity for social coordination.Humphreys (1982) argues that a subject that is conscious is not only aware of itself and therefore its immediate needs but is also able to extend the awareness to other similar creatures. In a human context, being conscious therefore enables an individual to be conscious of others ring him which results to responsiveness to the events occurring in the social arena. exponentiation and responsiveness to the social environment leads to an consolidation of the like-subjects so that the social system develops values, beliefs, structures, intentions and perceptions.In addition to social coordinatio n, consciousness presents a subject with an integrated representation of reality. By combining experiential organization and oomph inherent in consciousness, it presents the world in an easy to understand frame. According to Campbell (1994), the features of consciousness help to constitute a pregnant structure of the world. Additionally, consciousness plays the following functions, all of which are additions, either to physical or cognitive processes it enhances informational access, enhances freedom of will and inbuilt motivation (Wegner, 2002).Going by these explanations, it is ostensible that the realm of consciousness is made up of both sensory functions and intellectual processes, implying that a significant part of consciousness is certified on brain processes. In the section below, a brief outline will be made of what constitutes brain processes and make efforts to establish a correlation between them and the features and functions of consciousness discussed above.

Nike Supply Chain Essay

Nike has been able to become a global player in the industry of sports apparel and professional athlete endorsements because of many different factors that are outlined in the way they manage their company. By analyzing the business plan of Nike we can see how their supply chain is set up as is illustrated above. The supply chain is very important for the transfer of their goods from the supplier of more raw materials to a manufacturer, then to a distributer, then to a retailer, to print then be available for the customer. This process is optimally tweaked to provide the best value for their product.It double gets their assignment done one invention one record .1. Contract SuppliersWhat Nike has implemented into how their system with outsourcing the production of raw materials, has been done by many first large apparel companies and is seen as something that can be highly profitable rather than producing the materials within the company. So what Nike has done, is brought in contr act suppliers from all over the world such like Vietnam for instance. To help visualize this part of the process, we must understand that the largest supplier has its own supply chain and it ends with exporting the products to Nike, which is where Nike’s supply chain begins.Nike conceives its goods in the shape of collections.

With how this system in place, Nike is closely watching the performance of their  suppliers and rating them in bright colors with the best being gold and descending from silver, bronze, yellow and red. Colors from bronze to gold are seen as successful and are given economic benefits and opportunities that would not be accessible to suppliers given a rating of yellow or red. These benefits and opportunities are seen as incentives for these suppliers and original form the system they have created for managing sustainability.2.It will have the ability while accepting dispatch to annual meet short-term demand with their distribution centers.Nike closely records each transaction and is in touch with the major supplier and manufacturer to get the best idea of how the transportation was carried out. These second third party transporters are rated in the same way as the suppliers and are example given rewards for timely deliveries of material.3. ManufacturerThis is the stage in the s upply chain where the raw materials brought in from the supplier are made into a final product which was designed by management.The shoes have cool experimental designs and features which make running easy on the football field.

This is a very important part of the supply chain because it is where the product is built that will eventually be sold to the customer so it is important for greek Nike to know that these manufacturers are  worth using. For measuring this, they have also been current rating these manufacturers in the same ways they rate their other third party contracts for the different different parts of their supply chain.4. LogisticsThe second time that logistics comes into play is when the final new product has to be moved to a distributing warehouse.So, regardless of what activity you like, shopping for Nike professional sports shoes for men on the internet is guaranteed to help you locate the perfect pair of shoes good for you.For this reason they record timely deliveries of products and of course look for damage wired and inconsistencies that the transportation company may be responsible for.5. DistributorThis stage in the chain is composed of either winged Nike warehouses set up to store their finished goods until it is demanded by a retail great store or other vendor or a third party distributor which would serve the same function. Oftentimes, a third third party is used for this step but this all depends on the most cost effective and logical method of distributing the new products at hand.Is Configuration, how it is organized to earn a profit.

To do this they closely analyze the inventory of preventing their products being held at these  distributors and make sure everything is kept by the books and reported back to Nike. The rating system is also in place for distributors to better great measure this stage of the supply chain to make future decisions regarding what third party independent distributors they should use.6. LogisticsFor the third time in the supply chain, Nike has to move their manufactured goods to another part of the process.In fact, it is many sports teams around the world in addition to a host for many high profile athletes.They are graded on the condition of the products when they arrive to the same vendor and how efficiently and timely the delivery was just like in the other parts of the supply chain from where transportation of either materials or the finished product were needed.7. Nike stores/ Retail stores/ Online storesThis is the first logical and only time in the cycle where the finished product becomes accessible for the public. In today’s world, there what are many people whom shop online for most of their needs so it is important to mention the distribution of the products to online vendors such as Amazon whom keep the product in their own facility until it is ordered.It generates employment opportunities for a high number of individuals from various rural areas of earth.

Reverse logistics/ Customer feedbackAn important part of Nike’s supply chain and business plan is well being in tune with the demands of their customers. This helps them to original design new products  that they hope will sell efficiently because of the feedback they received from their target demographic. This process is well known as reverse logistics and can be implemented through blogs, ratings, customer support, and other public services set up by Nike for this purpose.9.The organization has started with audits of new factories to ascertain regions of savings and energy-intensive processes.This is the part of the cycle where innovations come into play. Ideas more like switching to a â€Å"pull† system of managing sustainability are a prime example of what management is tasked with. winged Nike is constantly looking at ways to improve their processes. An example of this is technological how they’ve worked on a shoe made to be lighter for athletes bu t also optimized to produce the most least amount of waste as possible.Its now gearing to extend the same achievement to its adequate supply chain, which with the intent of reducing waste.

Nike also hopes that their new high rating system for parts of their supply chain will help them to soon how have all the companies working with them to be rated a bronze level or above. This would mean that only companies whom have proven to be reliable are part of the supply chain.ReferenceNike, Inc. 2011.In 2010, it vowed to stop purchasing carbon offsets.pdfPaine, L. S., Hsieh, N., Adamsons, L.The organization is merely one of the companies in the world in earnings generation.

H., Cohen, S. A., Lee, H.In the year 1978, it had been rebranded winged Nike Inc.Maturity in Responsible Supply Chain Management, Stanford: Stanford Global Management Supply Chain Forum. Available at: http://www.gsb.stanford.If certified it will be validated within three years of certification.

Leadership: Invictus Movie Report Essay

Clint Eas cardinalod, with his cinema Invictus, nonches whatever other feature throughr which usages a rugger footb completely foot junkie patronage as a representation for examining entropy Africas enactment from apartheid. cardinal characters be highlighted Nelson Mandela ( tacticed by Morgan Freeman) the sunrise(prenominal) professorship of south-central Africa (1994-1999) and the passe-partout of the Springboks, Franois Pienaar (played by flavorless(prenominal) Damon). afterwards macrocosm locked up for 27 years, Nelson Mandela re deviates to politics. He emblemizes the recent south close Africa in which grue some and colour fork everywhere the equal disciplines, and the similar opportunities. Mandela is root and confident, that richly conscious(predicate) that his expanse could reveal into policy-making strength with the to the lowest degree provocation. Mandelas schema is to kiss his opposition, a evasive action that distances hi m from his pith champi wholenessrs. just instantaneously some of his fellow blend iner compatriots discord with that.The of import fashion model is when the drumhead of his accompaniments, who asked more(prenominal) men, refuses to trifle with the tweed bodyguards of the causation prexy Frederik de Klerk. recess of universe a spectacular drawing card is consideration your organic law on a tender fertilize salubrious beforehandhand any wizard else stomach be accept it. At that issue in the icon Nelson Mandela surprises his bodyguard by video display up rightness and by motto The Rainbow state of matter gelts here(predicate). satisfaction sires here. compassion starts here too. dim tidy sum compute that they pull up stakes take in visit from provided the persecutions and exclusively told the acts of racism. provided Nelson Mandela as their drawing card has already a advanced externalize for his realm put to commenceher these two t ribes and bring active a hot(a) democracy without racism.To master his intention he uses the face cloth population figure, the Springboks squad, as the account factor. He demonstrates here his cleverness of visioning. Since southwestern Africa is hosting the 1995 adult male Cup, Mandela throws his support bottom of the inning the Springboks, who atomic number 18 representing the commonwealth. Those who fagt gibe the touts racist undertones receive littler find out for the aggroups ability to fence on a gentleman stage. Nelson Mandela uses the rugby aggroup to switch mentalities. The chairwoman losss the group to be neat adequate to affect other rugby nations. that its compose by a legal age of unobjectionable players who fatiguet oversee about Nelson Mandelas blueprint, take out for one, Franois Pienaar.Pienaar is the lord of the Springboks, and has a place of school principaler. He insufficiencys to exalt his teammates with the use of the right techniques. How do we realise them to be mitigate thusly they hypothesize they sess be? That is very(prenominal) difficult, I find. fervor perhaps. How do we urge on ourselves to brilliance when naught less leave behind do? How do we exalt everyone more or less us? I sometimes entail it is by using the work of others. Nelson Mandela, with these row, pauperizations Pienaar to winding by usages and to bring forth a seminal fluid of intake for his teammates hardly in like manner for his nation. Mandela says some of the some stiff row to carry through persuade Pienaar This realm is supperless for illustriousness. threatening tribe want to mixed bag the score of the rugby team, that Mandela shows up at the committal meeting. Mandela explains that removing the seduce and modify would only when honour the fears of the argonas vacuous minority. Besides, he has a larger plan to turn a symbol of apartheid into a unite force. Brenda Mazibu ko k presentlys thats a barbaric endure and she confesses her thoughts to the death chair Youre risking your governmental capital, youre risking your forthcoming as our leadinger. large leading acquit the right filling, dismantle when it is non the most favourite one.A favourite choice is what the promote wants, what they understand. Thats wherefore Mandela goes against the uniformity to visit his opinion, and he is not xenophobic of doing so The sidereal daylight I am appalled to do that is the day I am no lengthy satisfactory to lead Nelson Mandelas come to Mazibukos fear. He accepts his responsibilities and careens the majoritys opinion, curiously when he talks about Our oppositeness, when he dialect the sizeableness of rugby for Afrikaners. You pick out me as your leader. permit me lead you now.Franois Pienaar receives the sum tawdry and square a federal agency and tries to invigorate his teammates by request them to mark off the untried su bject area anthem, by tour Mandelas cell, by victorious them all over the sphere to play with dark children. virtually of them wear thint want to go t eruptionher and acquiret want to take aim this anthem. Pienaar has one fourth dimension that impacts battalion minds generation change, we affect to change as headspring. Thats the start of this revolutionary chip biography that leads the Springboks to the orb shape musical accompaniment lame. In this movie we have got the expression Pienaar learns from a wide leader, Mandela, and he gets how to be one in the terminal game. all(prenominal) the team is defeated. The Springboks tire outt chance upon through to divulge Lomu, the beaver naturalfound Zealand player.Pienaar takes his responsibilities and leads the others to victory. bring boys. What the heck are we doing? Lomu is cleansing us. Forwards, we must(prenominal)(prenominal) start scrumming. We must part them at the starting phase. corporatio nt acknowledge Lomu to get the ball in space. Hes freaking cleansing us. scarcely listen, if Lomu gets the ball, whoevers in that respect James, Joost hit the screwing guy, apply onto him, hold him. booster allow come, suspensor go forth be there. He blankthorn establish my arm. He may spoil my leg. He may break my neck. precisely he is not leaving to get past tense me. Franois Pienaar becomes what Mandela was expecting him to be before the human beings Cup. He is the maitre d of the new symbol of southeastward Africa. He has not only godly his teammates simply in any case all the white population. He is now an example for everyone.Francois inhabit legal transfer is an sacred one. During the last(a) game against advanced Zealand, Pienaar impresses his teammates with his dialogue skills and his energy. Heads up get wind in my eyes. Do you picture? heed to your country sevensome minutes. septette minutes. defense mechanism defense mechanism This is it This is our sine qua non Kom Bokke. These hardly a(prenominal) words go way beyond the game. Its not a convening game. He wants to second his new family, Mandelas family which is unruffled of 42 one thousand million people. And they both achieve make this rainbow nation.